Introduction to Criminal Justice

PART I. CRIME: PROBLEMS, MEASUREMENT, AND LAW CHAPTER 1. CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE WHAT IS CRIME? THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND PROCESS The Criminal Justice Process Law Enforcement: Courts: Corrections: The Due Process and Crime Control Models How Cases Move Through the System The Perception of Crime and the Wedding-Cake Model of Criminal Justice TYPES OF CRIME Street Crime Corporate Crime and White-Collar Crime OFFENSES AND OFFENDERS Violent Crime Property Crime Public-Order Crime Features A Closer Look 1.1: A Comparison of Federal, State, and Local Law Enforcement Focus on Ethics: A Balance of Interests CHAPTER 2: HOW CRIME IS MEASURED AND WHO IT AFFECTS THE PROBLEMS OF MEASURING CRIME HOW CRIME IS MEASURED Uniform Crime Reports National Incident-Based Reporting System National Crime Victimization Survey Self-Report Studies VICTIMS OF CRIME Typologies of Crime Victims The Incidence of Victimization Categories of Victims Victims of Violent Crime: Victims of Hate Crime: Victims of Financial Crime: The Elderly and Children: Victims' Rights and Assistance: Features A Closer Look 2.1: Cracks in the Statistics CJ Reference 2.1: The Hierarchy Rule Focus on Ethics: To Report or Not to Report CHAPTER 3. CRIMINAL LAW THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIMINAL LAW Early Legal Codes The Magna Carta Common Law SOURCES OF LAW Constitutions Statutes Case Law Administrative Rules and Executive Orders TYPES OF LAW Criminal Law and Civil Law Substantive Law and Procedural Law TYPES OF CRIME Felonies Misdemeanors Inchoate Offenses Infractions FEATURES OF CRIME Actus reus: Mens rea: Strict Liability CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY AND CRIMINAL DEFENSE My Client Did Not Do It My Client Did It, but My Client Is Not Responsible Because of Insanity My Client Did It but Has a Good Excuse My Client Did It but Has a Good Reason My Client Did It but Should Be Acquitted Because the Police or the Prosecutor Cheated My Client Did It but Was Influenced by Outside Forces Features CJ Reference 3.1: The Bill of Rights A Closer Look 3.1: Drug Laws: More Expensive than Effective? Case in Point 3.1: Durham v. United States (1954) Focus on Ethics: Changing the Substantive Law PART II. ENFORCING THE LAW CHAPTER 4. THE HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE POLICE Early Policing in England Early Policing in the United States The Introduction of Police Professionalism The End of the 20th Century to Today: Crime Control, Communities, and Homeland Security LEVELS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT Federal Level The Federal Bureau of Investigation: The Secret Service: State Level Local Level Sheriff's Offices: Requirements to Become a Police Officer: STRATEGIES IN POLICING Wilson's Three Styles of Policing Community Policing Problem-Oriented Policing Zero-Tolerance Policing and Broken-Windows Perspective Features CJ Reference 4.1: Federal Law Enforcement Agencies A Closer Look 4.1: Who Polices the Police? Focus on Ethics: Righteous Vengeance CHAPTER 5. POLICE ORGANIZATION, OPERATION, AND THE LAW WHAT WE EXPECT OF THE POLICE HOW THE POLICE ARE ORGANIZED WHAT THE POLICE DO Patrol Investigation Traffic Enforcement Peacemaking and Order Maintenance THE RULES THE POLICE FOLLOW Police Discretion The Fourth Amendment Search: Special-Needs Searches: Seizures: Stop-and-Frisk: Arrests: Interrogations and Confessions Features A Closer Look 5.1: The Police and Justifiable Homicide CJ Reference 5.1: The Fourth Amendment Case in Point 5.1: Terry v. Ohio (1968) Case in Point 5.2: Florida v. Bostick (1991) Focus on Ethics: It's Only Marijuana CHAPTER 6. POLICING: INNOVATIONS AND CONTROVERSIES USE OF FORCE THE MILITARIZATION OF POLICE The Evolution of Police Militarization STRESS AND BURNOUT Police and Alcohol Family Problems and the Police Police and Suicide Dealing with the Stress of Policing The Police Subculture Police Corruption POLICING AND TECHNOLOGY Body-Worn Cameras Police Surveillance Less-Than-Lethal Weapons DNA Databases SEX AND RACE Women as Police Officers Minorities as Police Officers Features CJ Reference 6.1: Police Use of Force Case in Point 6.1: Tennessee v. Garner (1985) CJ Reference 6.2: What Is the Posse Comitatus Act? A Closer Look 6.1: Where Did All This Stuff Come From? Focus on Ethics: To Trust a Partner PART III. THE ROLE OF THE COURTS CHAPTER 7. THE COURTS THE COURT SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES THE HISTORICAL FOUNDATION OF MODERN U.S. COURTS Courts in England Courts in Colonial North America THE ORGANIZATION OF MODERN CRIMINAL U.S. COURTS The Nature of Jurisdiction The Structure of the Federal Courts U.S. District Courts: U.S. Courts of Appeals: U.S. Supreme Court: Specialized Federal Courts: The Structure of State Courts Juvenile Courts: State Trial Courts: State Intermediate Courts of Appeals: State Supreme Courts: Local and Community Courts: Features CJ Reference 7.1: What Makes the Supreme Court Supreme? Case in Point 7.1: Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006) A Closer Look 7.1: Problem-Solving Courts Focus on Ethics: Modern-Day Blood Feud CHAPTER 8. THE COURTROOM WORK GROUP THE COURTROOM WORK GROUP THE PROSECUTOR The Prosecutor at Work Prosecution at the Federal Level Prosecution in State Courts THE DEFENSE ATTORNEY The Defense Attorney and the Courtroom Work Group The Best Defense: Private Attorney or Public Defender? THE JUDGE Judicial Selection: Executive Appointments Judicial Selection: Election of Judges Judicial Selection: Merit Selection THE PARTICIPANTS Law Enforcement Court Support Staff Corrections The Public DEFENDANTS, VICTIMS, AND WITNESSES Defendants Victims Witnesses Victim-Witness Programs Features A Closer Look 8.1: (De)Funding Public Defenders Case in Point 8.1: Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972) Case in Point 8.2: Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) CJ Reference 8.1: American Bar Association Guidelines for Reviewing Qualifications of Candidates for State Judicial Office Focus on Ethics: Difficult Decisions for the Defense CHAPTER 9. THE DISPOSITION: PLEA BARGAINING, TRIAL, AND SENTENCING THE CRIMINAL COURT PROCESS PRETRIAL RELEASE DECISIONS THE PLEA BARGAIN Issues That Affect Plea Bargaining Types of Plea Bargains Should Plea Bargaining Be Abolished? THE TRIAL The Pretrial Phase Pretrial Motions: Opening Arguments The Prosecution's Presentation of Witnesses and Evidence The Case Goes to the Jury The Defense Doesn't Rest Appeal SENTENCING Indeterminate Sentencing Determinate Sentencing Mandatory Minimum Sentences Features A Closer Look 9.1: The Dark Side of Plea Bargaining CJ Reference 9.1: What Are Grand Juries and How Do They Work? CJ Reference 9.2: The Exclusionary Rule Case in Point 9.1: Batson v. Kentucky (1986) Focus on Ethics: Letting the Big Ones Get Away PART IV. FROM PENOLOGY TO CORRECTIONS AND BACK CHAPTER 10. THE HISTORY OF CONTROL AND PUNISHMENT PRISONS IN THE UNITED STATES Control in the Colonies and Early United States: 1770-1860 The Pennsylvania System: The Auburn System: Age of Reform: 1860-1900 Alexander Maconochie: Sir Walter Crofton: Zebulon Brockway: A New Emphasis on Prison Labor: 1900-1930 Age of Rehabilitation: 1930-1970 Retributive Era: 1970s to the Present CAPITAL PUNISHMENT Capital Punishment in Historical Perspective Search for Humane Execution Electrocution: Gas: Lethal Injection: Arguments Supporting Capital Punishment Arguments against Capital Punishment Is the Death Penalty Dead? Features Case in Point 10.1: Furman v. Georgia (1972) Case in Point 10.2: Gregg v. Georgia (1976) A Closer Look 10.1: The Innocence Project CJ Reference 10.1: States/Jurisdictions without a Death Penalty Focus on Ethics: Capital Punishment: Some Immodest Proposals CHAPTER 11. PRISONS AND JAILS PRISON LIFE How U.S. Prisons Work The Pains of Imprisonment Prison Gangs Supermax Prisons Violence and Overcrowding WOMEN IN PRISON A Short History of Women's Prisons Life in Women's Prisons COURTS AND THE PRISON Eighth Amendment Fourteenth Amendment: Due Process and Equal Protection WORKING IN THE PRISON PRIVATE PRISONS JAILS Features A Closer Look 11.1: The Stanford Prison Experiment Case in Point 11.1: Brown v. Plata (2011) CJ Reference 11.1: The Prison Litigation Reform Act CJ Reference 11.2: The Fourteenth Amendment CJ Reference 11.3: What Jails Do Focus on Ethics: Keeping the Condemned Alive CHAPTER 12. COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS IN CONTEXT DIVERSION PROBATION Probation Officers at Work Investigation: Supervision: Service: Private Probation Advantages: Disadvantages: PAROLE When to Parole Reentry and "Making It" INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS Intensive-Supervision Probation Drug Testing House Arrest and Electronic Monitoring Fines Shock Probation Features A Closer Look 12.1: Pay or Stay in the Modern Debtor's Prison Focus on Ethics: Going Out on a Limb PART V. CONTEMPORARY ISSUES CHAPTER 13. JUVENILE JUSTICE THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM The Pros and Cons of the Modern Juvenile Justice System Who Enters the Juvenile Justice System? Entering the System Pre-hearing Detention: Intake: Diversion: Determining Jurisdiction: Adjudicatory Hearing: Disposition: Aftercare: ISSUES IN JUVENILE JUSTICE Chronic Offenders Gangs Types and Conditions of Youth Confinement Juvenile Waiver: Treating Children as Adults Features CJ Reference 13.1: Waiver to Criminal Court A Closer Look 13.1: Thaddeus Jimenez Focus on Ethics: Widening the Net of Social Control CHAPTER 14. CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN THE FUTURE: ISSUES AND CONCERNS THE HIGH INCARCERATION RATE Unintended Consequences of High Incarceration Children and Families: Physical and Mental Health: Employment and Earnings: Communities: Society Overall: THE WAR ON DRUGS PREDICTIVE POLICING Use of Technology in Predictive Policing TECHNOLOGY AND SURVEILLANCE THE FUTURE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND YOU Features A Closer Look 14.1: The USA FREEDOM Act Focus on Ethics: Changing the Law in the Future Theories of Crime: Glossary: Index?:

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• Crime e criminologia